
"A comma in the wrong place can be a dangerous thing."~ German company that specializes in proof reading.
The comma is used to separate sentence elements. Its purpose is to insure writer's flow of thought.
1)Use a comma to separate independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
The Houston Zoo will be offering free admission on New Year's Day, but I have plans to visit family.
The Houston Zoo will be offering free admission on New Year's Day, but I have plans to visit family.
Now, you do not have to use a comma between short independent clauses.
I read and he watched.
2) Use a comma to separate items in a series. These items may consist of words, phrases, or clauses.
I love pandas, goats, elephants, Moby, and Baloo.
3)Use a comma to separate introductory elements from the rest of the sentence. These elements can be words, phrases, adverb clauses, or transitional expressions.
Introductory Words-Usually, Jack sleeps after eating.
Introductory Phrase- Running down the street, Jack stopped, and preceded to smell the pavement.
Introductory Clause- This Saturday it will rain, next Saturday I might have to water my plants.
Transitional Phrase-Therefore, they decided to form their own government.
Note that not all introductory elements need a comma, but make sure before omitting the comma that removing the comma does not cause confusion, or distort your thought.
4) Use a comma to set off a parenthetical element at the beginning of a sentence; use a comma before and one after a parenthetical or appositive element that occurs in the middle of a sentence. A parenthetical element is one which is not essential to complete the meaning of a sentence but which supplements a part or parts of the sentence.
Parenthetical Element at Beginning of sentence- To be honest, you stink.
Parenthetical Element in Mid-Sentence- The cat, come on, is lazy.
Appositive- Sue, your mother is here, and has been complaining.
5) Use commas to set off nonrestrictive elements in a sentence. Another way of talking about a parenthetical or appositive element is to say that it is nonrestrictive: it does not restrict or essentially modify what it refers to; therefore, it must be set off by commas. On the other hand, if the element in question is restrictive or is essential to what it modifies, it must not be set off by commas.
Restrictive- The people are seeking a Utopia.
Nonrestrictive- The people, which are oppressed, search for a Utopia.
6) Use a comma to separate a contrasting element from the rest of the sentence; a comma emphasizes this contrast.
I like red licorice, and not black licorice.
7) Use a comma to achieve clarity, even in places where you ordinarily might omit it.
Oh, 1492, what a marvelous year.
8) Use a comma in dates, addresses, and letter forms.
Dates- Friday, December 18, 2009
Address- Houston, Texas
Letter Forms- Beloved Bill White,


















